Cancer prognosis is the systematic prediction of the probable future course and outcome of cancer in an individual patient. As a core concept in oncology research and clinical practice, it encompasses the investigation and analysis of various biological, clinical, and environmental factors that influence disease progression, response to treatment, likelihood of recurrence, and overall survival. This field employs statistical modeling and molecular profiling to estimate the likelihood of specific outcomes, providing essential information for personalized treatment planning, patient counseling, and evaluating therapeutic efficacy.